What Do You Know About Diabetes?
Which of the following is NOT likely a sign of early onset diabetes?
Early signs and symptoms can include frequent urination, increased thirst, feeling tired and hungry, vision problems, slow wound healing, and yeast infections.
Which of the following is NOT a common side effect derived from taking the prescription drug metformin?
Which of the following is true about the experimental drug teplizumab?
Teplizumab (also known as PRV-031) is a humanized anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody that is being evaluated for treatment and prevention of type 1 diabetes mellitus by the biopharmaceutical company Provention Bio. Teplizumab is an Fc receptor-nonbinding anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody that works to modulate the response of the T-lymphocytes that mediate the destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells in the islets of the pancreas. In trial results released recently, researchers found that two weeks of teplizumab infusions typically held the disease at bay for two years, versus a placebo. In their latest follow-up, the investigators found that half of patients given teplizumab were still diabetes-free five years later, versus only 22% of the placebo group.
Chronic low-grade inflammation and activation of the innate immune system are closely involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its microvascular complications. Avoiding which of the following might be advisable for diabetic patients?
Many foods may worsen the symptoms of inflammation. Such foods include sugar, trans fats, refined carbohydrates, and red or processed meats.
Which of the following may help reduce insulin resistance and reduce systolic blood pressure?
As indicated by a 2016 study and an earlier 2014 study on rats, hibiscus tea may reduce insulin resistance. Around two-thirds of people with diabetes also have high blood pressure. In an early 2008 study, drinking hibiscus tea twice a day for one month was associated with a reduction in systolic blood pressure in people with diabetes when compared with black tea. Lemon balm essential oils may help decrease blood sugar levels by boosting glucose uptake and curbing glucose synthesis. However, these findings are from an older 2010 study in mice. In a 2018 study of people with type 2 diabetes, consuming lemon balm extract capsules for 12 weeks was linked to improved glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors. These results suggest that drinking lemon balm tea may have comparable effects, but more studies are necessary. Cinnamon tea may help reduce blood sugar levels. In a small study of 30 people with normal blood sugar levels, drinking 3.5 ounces of cinnamon tea before drinking a sugar solution resulted in lower blood sugar levels when compared to the control group. Further research is needed to determine the effects of cinnamon tea. Chamomile tea may optimize blood sugar regulation and protect the body from oxidative stress, leading to diabetes complications. One study of 64 people with diabetes found that those who drank chamomile tea 3 times daily for eight weeks showed significantly improved glycemic control and antioxidant levels. Further research on a larger study group for a longer period may help confirm this effect. Black tea may help manage blood sugar levels. In a 2017 study, consuming black tea with a sugary drink significantly decreased post-meal blood sugar levels compared to the control in both healthy and people living with prediabetes. As with green tea, black tea may play a positive role in protecting against diabetes and its complications, although researchers do not yet fully understand the mechanisms.
Which of the following is NOT an example of a benign thyroid nodule?
BTNs include: Multinodular goiter (also called a nontoxic goiter), benign follicular adenomas, and thyroid cysts (nodules filled with fluid). A Baker's cyst can form when joint-lubricating fluid fills a cushioning pouch (bursa) at the back of your knee.
Around 1 in 3 U.S. adults have prediabetes. Undergoing regular health checkups can catch it before it progresses to diabetes. Which of these are NOT a reason to check a patient’s blood sugar during a routine exam?
The following factors can mean that someone should discuss getting a blood sugar test with a doctor: having obesity, having an inactive lifestyle, being over 45 years of age, having a family history of diabetes, having high blood pressure, having high cholesterol, and smoking.
Which of the following concentrated insulins is also available in a vial in which case a patient must use a dedicated delivery syringe?
The FDA requires that all newly approved concentrated insulins have a matching delivery devices. As a result, all of the newer concentrated insulins are available only in a pen delivery device. U-500 is still available in a vial for use only with a dedicated U-500 syringe or in a U-500 pen.
One in five adults with type 1 diabetes who require in-hospital treatment of the life-threatening condition diabetic ketoacidosis has an unplanned repeat hospital visit within a month and is twice as likely to die during the second hospitalization, per a recent study. What other factors were NOT associated with an increase in hospital readmission rates?
Women were more likely than men to be readmitted, as were patients who left the hospital against medical advice during the first admission. Other risk factors for readmission included having anemia, high blood pressure or chronic kidney disease.
Endogenous Cushing’s syndrome, a rare hormonal disorder, is associated with a threefold increase in death, primarily due to cardiovascular disease and infection, according to a study presented at ENDO 2021. Which of the following was most causative for death?
Observed deaths were due to heart disease (24.7%), infections (14.4%), cerebrovascular diseases such as stroke or aneurysm (9.4%) or blood clots in a vein, known as thromboembolism (4.2%).
There are three forms of diabetes: Type 1, Type 2 and gestational. About what percent of diabetics have Type 2?
About 90-95 percent of people with diabetes have Type 2, while about 5 percent have Type 1, and the remainder have gestational diabetes.
Which of the following is not a common comorbidity linked with diabetes?
DM can lead to conditions like diabetic retinopathy, which affects your sight and can cause blindness. It can seriously harm your kidneys and can affect your oral health, as well. Uncontrolled diabetes can also lead to heart disease and stroke.